Nobel Peace Prize

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after accepting the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish language and Norwegian language: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Sweden industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. According to Nobel's will (law), the Peace Prize should be awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for :wikt:fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing army and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".

The Peace Prize is awarded annually in Oslo, the capital of Norway. The actual prize always is presented on the 10th of December, the anniversary of the death of Nobel. The Norwegian king is in attendance. For the past decade, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony at the Oslo City Hall has been followed the next day by the Nobel Peace Prize Concert, which is broadcast to over 150 countries and more than 450 million households around the world. The Concert has received worldwide fame and the participation of top celebrity hosts and performers. The selection of Nobel Peace Prize winners sometimes causes controversy, as the list of winners includes people who formerly used violence of problem-solving, but then later made exceptional concessions to non-violence in the attempt to achieve peace.

Appointment process Nobel died in 1896 and did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. The categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices as he was a trained chemical engineer. The reason behind the peace prize is less clear. Some have said it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces (Nobel's inventions included dynamite and ballistite). However, none of his explosives, except for ballistite, were used in any war during his lifetime,Altman, L. (2006). Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen. New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2006. although the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organisation, did carry out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. BBC History - 1916 Easter Rising - Profiles - The Irish Republican Brotherhood BBC.

in Oslo, Norway.The Stortinget appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Laureate for the Peace Prize. The Committee chairman, currently Dr. Ole Danbolt Mjøs, awards the Prize itself. At the time of Alfred Nobel's death Sweden and Norway were in a personal union in which the Swedish government was solely responsible for foreign policy, and the Stortinget was responsible only for Norwegian domestic policy. Alfred Nobel never explainedhttp://www.nobel.no/eng_com_nor.html why he wanted a Norwegian rather than Swedish body to award the Peace Prize. As a consequence, many people have speculated about Nobel's intentions. For instance, Nobel may have wanted to prevent the manipulation of the selection process by foreign powers, and as Norway did not have any foreign policy, the Norwegian government could not be influenced.

Nominations Nominations for the Prize may be made by a broad array of qualified individuals, including former recipients, members of national assemblies and congresses, university professors (in certain disciplines), international judges, and special advisors to the Prize Committee. In some years as many as 199 nominations have been received. The Committee keeps the nominations secret and asks that nominators do the same. Over time many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standinghttp://www.nobel.no/eng_com_nom.html. Nominations from 1901 to 1955, however, have been released in a database.http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/database.html When the past nominations were released it was discovered that Adolf Hitler was nominated in 1939 by Erik Brandt (Swedish politician), a member of the Swedish Parliament. Brandt retracted the nomination after a few days.Richardson, Gunnar, Förtroligt and hemligt : kunglig utrikespolitik och svensk neutralitet under andra världskriget. Stockholm : Carlsson, 2007 Other infamous nominees included Joseph Stalin and Benito Mussolini. However, since nomination requires only support from one qualified person (e.g., a history professor), these unusual nominations do not represent the opinions of the Nobel committee itself.

Unlike the other Nobel Prizes, which recognize completed scientific or literary accomplishment, the Nobel Peace Prize may be awarded to persons or organizations that are in the process of resolving a conflict or creating peace. As some such processes have failed to create lasting peace, some Peace Prizes appear questionable in hindsight. For example, the awards given to Theodore Roosevelt, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, Lê Ðức Thọ and Henry Kissinger were particularly controversial and criticized; the Kissinger-Thọ award prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign.http://nobelprize.org/peace/articles/controversies/index.html

In 2005, the Nobel Peace Center opened. It serves to present the Laureates, their work for peace, and the ongoing problems of war and conflict around the world.

Controversy The Nobel Peace Prize has sparked controversy throughout its history. The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Peace Prize Committee, but pacifist critics argue that the same Parliament has pursued partisan military aims by ratifying membership in NATO in 1949, by hosting NATO troops, and by leasing ports and territorial waters to US ballistic missile submarines in 1983. However, the Parliament has no say in the award issue. A member of the Committee cannot at the same time be a member of the Parliament, and the Committee includes former members from all major parties, including those parties that oppose NATO membership.

A particular claimed weakness of the Nobel Peace Prize awarding process is the swiftness of recognition. The scientific and literary Nobel Prizes are usually issued in retrospective, often two or three decades after the intellectual achievement, thus representing a time-proven confirmation and balance of approval by the established academic community, seldom contradicted by newer developments. In contrast, the Nobel Peace Prize at times takes the form of summary judgment, being issued in the same year as or the year immediately following the political act. Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers. In pro-democracy struggles, it may be said that the 'real' peace-makers may not be recognized for their long-term or subtle approaches. However, others have pointed to the uniqueness of the Peace Prize in that its high profile can often focus world attention on particular problems and possibly aid in the peace-efforts themselves.

and Bishop Desmond Tutu, 2004On closer inspection, the peace-laureates often have a lifetime's history of working at and promoting humanitarian issues, as in the examples of German medic Albert Schweitzer (1952 laureate), Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., an African-American civil rights activist (1964 laureate); Mother Teresa, a Roman Catholic missionary nun (1979 laureate); and Aung San Suu Kyi, a Buddhist nonviolent pro-democracy activist (1991 laureate). Still others are selected for tireless efforts, as in the examples of Jimmy Carter and Mohamed ElBaradei. Others, even today, are quite controversial, due to the recipient's political activity, as in the case of Henry Kissinger (1973 laureate), Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat (1978 laureates), or Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat (1994 laureates).

A widely discussed criticism of the peace-prize are the notable omissions, namely the failure to award individuals with widely recognized contributions to peace. The list includes Mahatma Gandhi, Pope John XXIII, Pope John Paul II, Steve Biko, Raphael Lemkin, Herbert Hoover, César Chávez, Jose Figueres Ferrer, and Oscar Romero. In particular, the omission of the Indian leader Gandhi has been widely discussed, including public statements by the various members of Nobel Committee. http://nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.htmlIt has been acknowledged by the committee that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947 and, finally, a few days before he was murdered in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee. In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi." Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee In most cases, the omissions resulted in part from the provision in Alfred Nobel's will that only living people could receive the prize.

Research by anthropologist David Stoll into Rigoberta Menchú, the 1992 recipient, revealed some fabrications in her biography, "Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la conciencia" (My Name is Rigoberta Menchú and this is how my Conscience was Born), translated into English as "I, Rigoberta Menchú". Menchú later admitted changing some details about her background. After the initial controversy, the Nobel Committee dismissed calls to revoke her Nobel prize because of the reported falsifications. Professor Geir Lundestad, the secretary of the Committee, said her prize "was not based exclusively or primarily on the autobiography".http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1992/tum-bio.html. According to the Nobel Committee, "Stoll approves of her Nobel prize and has no question about the picture of army atrocities which she presents. He says that her purpose in telling her story the way she did 'enabled her to focus international condemnation on an institution that deserved it, the Guatemalan army'.

Laureates List of Nobel Prize laureates in Peace from 1901 to the present day.

{]| style="width:150px" | | Founder, Red Cross; Geneva Convention, Human rights.]| | Founder and President, Société d'arbitrage entre les Nations.]
Charles Albert Gobat in Berne.|-| 1903| [William Randal Cremer.|-| 1904| [Institut de Droit International| [Austria-Hungary.|-| 1906| [Theodore Roosevelt; peace treaty collaborations (brokering the [Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War)]| | President, Lombard League of Peace| | Professor of International Law|-| rowspan=2 | 1908| [Klas Pontus Arnoldson|-| [Fredrik Bajer

|-| rowspan=2 | 1909| [Auguste Marie François Beernaert.|-| [Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant|-| 1910| [International Peace Bureau| | initiator of the [International Conferences of Private Law in The Hague.]| Austria-Hungary.|-| 1912| [Elihu Root| | President of the [Permanent International Peace Bureau.]|-| 1915|-| 1916|-| 1917| International Committee of the Red Cross|-| 1919| [Woodrow Wilson.|-| 1920| [Léon Bourgeois| | president of the Council of the League of Nations.]| | prime minister, Swedish delegate to the Council of the League of Nations.]| | secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union| | Norwegian delegate to the [League of Nations, originator of the Nansen passports for refugees.]| | for the Locarno Treaties.]| | chairman of the Allied World War I reparations Commission and originator of the Dawes Plan.]| | for the Locarno Treaties.]| | for the Locarno Treaties.]| | founder and president of the League for Human Rights.]| | delegate to numerous peace conferences.|-| 1928| no award||-| 1929| Frank B. Kellogg.|-| 1930| [Nathan Söderblom| | international president of the [Women's International League for Peace and Freedom| | for promoting the [Kellogg-Briand Pact.]| | writer, member of the Executive Committee of the League of Nations and the National Peace Council.]| | chairman of the League of Nations League of Nations Disarmament Conference|-| 1935| Carl von Ossietzky| | president of the [League of Nations and mediator in the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia.]| | founder and president of the International Peace Campaign| ||-| 1939| rowspan="5" colspan="2" | no award| rowspan="5" | [World War II| | awarded retroactively in 1945|-| 1945| [Cordell Hull.|-| rowspan=2 | 1946| [Emily Greene Balch|-| [John Mott| | chairman of the International Missionary Council and president of the World Alliance of Young Mens Christian Associations|-| 1947| Quaker Peace and Social Witness
American Friends Service Committee, better known as the Quakers.|-| 1948| colspan="2" | no award| Apparently it would have been awarded to [Mahatma Gandhi had he not been assassinated. Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate, Nobelprize.org]| | director general Food and Agricultural Organization, president National Peace Council, president World Union of Peace Organizations.]| | for mediating in Palestine (1948)]| | president of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the UN.]| | for his philosophy of "Reverence for Life", expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding the Lambaréné Hospital in Gabon| | for the [Marshall Plan| ||-| 1955| colspan="2" | no award||-| 1956| colspan="2" | no award||-| 1957| [Lester B. Pearson| | President of the 7th session of the United Nations General Assembly for introducing peacekeeping forces to resolve the Suez Crisis.]| | leader of lEurope du Coeur au Service du Monde, a relief organization for refugees.|-| 1959| Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker| | for his lifelong ardent work for international peace and co-operation.|-| 1960| Albert Lutuli|-| 1961| [Dag Hammarskjöld (posthumous)|-| 1962| [Linus Pauling| | for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing.|-| 1963| International Committee of the Red Cross
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies| ||-| 1964| Martin Luther King, Jr.| | Leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, campaigner for civil rights.|-| 1965| United Nations Children's Fund| ||-| 1966| colspan="2" | no award||-| 1967| colspan="2" | no award|-| 1968| René Cassin.|-| 1969| [International Labour Organization| | for research at the [International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.]| | for West Germany's Ostpolitik, embodying a new attitude towards Eastern Europe and East Germany.]
Le Duc Tho (declined the honours)|
| The Paris Peace Accords|-| 1974| Seán MacBride
Eisaku Satō|
| president of the International Peace Bureau the Commission of Namibia of the United Nations.]| | Campaigns for human rights|-| 1976| Betty Williams (nobel laureate)
Mairead Corrigan (later renamed [Community of Peace People).]| | Campaign against torture|-| 1978| Anwar Al Sadat
Menachem Begin and [Israel|
| Poverty awareness campaigner|-| 1980| [Adolfo Pérez Esquivel| |-| 1982| [Alva Myrdal
Alfonso García Robles General Assembly on Disarmament|-| 1983| [Lech Wałęsa; campaigner for human rights|-| 1984| [Desmond Tutu| | Anti-apartheid| | for spreading authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare.

|-| 1986| [Elie Wiesel, [the Holocaust List of famous Holocaust survivors|-| 1987| Óscar Arias| | for initiating peace negotiations in Central America.]| | For participation in numerous conflicts since 1956. At the time of the award, 736 people from a variety of nations had lost their lives in peacekeeping efforts.|-| 1989| Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
(Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв)| | "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"|-| 1991| [Aung San Suu Kyi ()]| | "in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"|-| 1993| Nelson Mandela
Frederik Willem de Klerk regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"|-| 1994| [Yasser Arafat (ياسر عرفات)
Shimon Peres (שמעון פרס)
Yitzhak Rabin (יצחק רבין)]
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
[José Ramos Horta| | "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor"|-| 1997| International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Jody Williams
[David Trimble, Baron Trimble| | "Awarded for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"|-| 1999| Médecins Sans Frontières (김대중)| | "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"|-| 2001| [United Nations
Kofi Annan| | "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"|-| 2003| [Shirin Ebadi (شيرين عبادي)]| | "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"|-| 2005| International Atomic Energy Agency
Mohamed ElBaradei (محمد البرادعي)] (মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস)
Grameen Bank
[Al Gore |
| "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"|}

References See also

Nobel Prize
Norwegian Nobel Committee
Sweden-Norway
Lenin Peace Prize
Gandhi Peace Prize

External links

The Nobel Peace Prize
Norwegian Nobel Committee
The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901-1955

External links

The Nobel Peace Prize
Norwegian Nobel Committee
The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901-1955

The Norwegian Nobel Institute
Selects winner of the Peace prize. Describes nomination and selection process, with information on past winners, fellowship programs, and library. [English/Norwegian]

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